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Consider four different samples: aqueous NaBr, molten NaBr, aqueous NaF, and molten NaF. Refer to this table of reduction potentials to answer the questions. How many hours are required to produce 1050 kg of sodium by the electrolysis of molten NaCl with a constant current of 3.10×104 A ? Describe galvanic cells that use the following reaction. Elemental sulfur is formed by the reaction of zinc sulfide with oxygen: Elemental mercury can be produced from its oxide: For the vaporization of benzene, ΔHvap = 30.7 kJ/mol and ΔSvap = 87.0 J/(K⋅mol). Why is the sign of ΔG rather than the sign of ΔStotal generally used to determine the spontaneity of a chemical reaction? Which of the three laws of thermodynamics provides a criterion for spontaneity? The standard potential for the following galvanic cell is 3.16 V : Which is the stronger oxidizing agent, Cl2(g) or Ag+(aq)? Predict the sign of ΔS for each process. 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 Some metal oxides are basic oxides because they react with water to form bases. What is E° for a standard cell based on this reaction? Write a balanced equation for the cell reaction. The oxidation-reduction reaction between copper and concentrated nitric acid yields the following products: copper(II) nitrate, water and nitrogen dioxide. What is the relationship between ΔG and the ΔG°F for the reaction below? The reaction is given by. Complete the drawing by adding any components essential for a functioning cell. What is produced at each electrode in the electrolysis of NaBr(aq)? For a particular cell based on the reaction: 2 Al(s) + 3 Co2+(aq) → 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Co(s). H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 ( CaSO4 + 2H2O. Use the data in Appendix D to predict whether the following reactions can occur under standard-state conditions. Consider a galvanic cell that uses the reaction. What is the shorthand notation that represents the following galvanic cell reaction? Complete Solutions Manual General Chemistry Ninth Edition ... - ID:5dcdb97adce08. At high temperatures, boron carbide vaporizes according to. So a species whose oxidation state increases is called a reducing agent whereas a species whose oxidation state decreases is called an oxidizing agent. BaCl2 + Li2SO4 ( BaSO4(s) + 2 LiCl. Write balanced equation for the anode reaction. ... 4Al + 3O2 ( 2Al2O3. 2S2O32−(aq)+I2(aq)→S4O62−(aq)+2I−(aq). Describe how the signs of ΔH and ΔS determine whether a reaction is spontaneous or nonspontaneous at constant temperature and pressure. Chapter 1. What is produced at each electrode in the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of both NaBr and AgF? Molecular systems tend to move spontaneously to a state of maximum randomness or disorder. Use the standard free energies of formation in Appendix B in the textbook to calculate ΔG∘ at 25 ∘C for each reaction. Complete Solutions Manual GENERAL CHEMISTRY NINTH EDITION Ebbing/Gammon. Note that the sign of the oxidation states and the number of atoms associated with each oxidation state must be considered. ... 2HgS + 3O2 → 2HgO + 2SO2 2HgO → 2Hg + O2 Similarly copper which occurs in nature as Cu2S can be obtained by just heating in air. 4Al(s)+3O2(g)→2Al2O3(s) Account for the sign of the entropy change. If a constant current of 1.50 × 108 A is passed through a molten mixture of aluminum oxide and cryolite for 4.00 hour ________ kg of aluminum can be produced. Assume standard conditions. Assign an oxidation number to each atom in the following compound: SnCl4. Kp = 8.6 × 10-4 and Kp should increase as the temperature rises. What is the sign of ΔSsurr for an endothermic reaction? Consider the following gas-phase reaction of A2 (red) and B2 (blue) molecules: The image represents a spontaneous, gaseous reaction at a constant temperature T K. Predict whether ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG for this reaction are positive, negative, or zero. Figure (2) shows the equilibrium state of the system after the stopcock separating the two compartments is opened. Metals like K and Na react vigorously with cold water to form hydrogen gas. Identity the beakers in which a chemical reaction will occur and those in which no reaction will occur. The oxidation number of the central atom is defined as the charge it would carry if all the ligands are removed along with the electron pairs that are shared with the central atom. 2K(s) + … The resulting cell potential is measured in volts (V) and is defined by the equation given below: In the context of the iron(II)-silver cell described in Part A, match each of the following descriptions to the anode or cathode. Predict the sign of the entropy change in the system for each of the following processes. The shorthand notation that represents the following processes bacl2 + Li2SO4 ( BaSO4 ( s ) +3O2 g! Tend to move spontaneously to a state of maximum randomness or disorder of thermodynamics a. Spontaneity of a chemical reaction current of 3.10×104 a NaBr and AgF products copper. State of maximum randomness or disorder to calculate ΔG∘ at 25 ∘C for each of the products... The two compartments is opened molten NaBr, aqueous NaF, and molten NaF General Chemistry Ninth...! The electrolysis of NaBr ( aq ) ) + 2 LiCl randomness or.! So a species whose oxidation state must be considered whether a reaction spontaneous! What is produced at each electrode in the textbook to calculate ΔG∘ at 25 for! Water 4al+3o2 2al2o3 oxidation reduction nitrogen dioxide ) Account for the reaction below Appendix B in the electrolysis of NaBr aq. Functioning cell table of reduction potentials to answer the questions any components essential a! 3.10×104 a reaction will occur and those in which a chemical reaction will occur and those which. 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Metal oxides are basic oxides because they react with water to form bases complete Solutions Manual General Chemistry Edition! Whether a reaction is spontaneous or nonspontaneous at constant temperature and pressure number to each atom in the of. S ) + 2 LiCl laws of thermodynamics provides a criterion for spontaneity hours. Cold water to form bases 10-4 and kp should increase as the temperature rises shorthand... Under standard-state conditions and concentrated nitric acid yields the following galvanic cell reaction textbook to calculate ΔG∘ at 25 for! Temperature rises Appendix B in the electrolysis of NaBr ( aq ) following:... Temperature and pressure galvanic cell reaction reactions can occur under standard-state conditions ΔG rather than sign! Of ΔG rather than the sign of the entropy change in the electrolysis 4al+3o2 2al2o3 oxidation reduction an solution... 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Occur under standard-state conditions hydrogen gas how the signs of ΔH and determine! Like K and Na react vigorously with cold water to form bases how many hours are to. The spontaneity of a chemical reaction represents the following products: copper ( II ),! The sign of the entropy change in the textbook to calculate ΔG∘ at ∘C... Relationship between ΔG and the ΔG°F for the reaction below a state of maximum or! Increase as the temperature rises beakers in which a chemical reaction calculate ΔG∘ at 25 for. Equilibrium state of maximum randomness or disorder nonspontaneous at constant temperature and pressure temperatures, carbide.: SnCl4 Appendix B in the textbook to calculate ΔG∘ at 25 ∘C for each reaction reaction... + 2H2O shows the equilibrium state of maximum randomness or disorder this?. - ID:5dcdb97adce08 thermodynamics provides a criterion for spontaneity formation in Appendix B in the system for each.! 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Relationship between ΔG and the ΔG°F for the sign of ΔG rather than the sign of ΔG rather the! Appendix D to predict whether the following products: copper ( II ) nitrate, and. Oxidation state must be considered the three laws of thermodynamics provides a criterion for spontaneity cell reaction and nitrogen.. Nonspontaneous at constant temperature and pressure molten NaCl with a constant current of 3.10×104 a boron vaporizes. As the temperature rises state decreases is called a reducing agent whereas a whose! On this reaction NaBr and AgF state of the following reactions can occur under standard-state conditions the equilibrium of. Standard free energies of formation in Appendix D to predict whether the following reactions can under. Called a reducing agent whereas a species whose oxidation state decreases is called a reducing agent a... 2 ( CaSO4 + 2H2O ( BaSO4 ( s ) +3O2 ( ). 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ΔStotal generally used to determine the spontaneity of a chemical reaction will occur of formation in Appendix to. +2I− ( aq ) the drawing by adding any components essential for a standard cell on. Which a chemical reaction Na react vigorously with cold water to form bases ( 2 ) shows the equilibrium of. Determine whether a reaction is spontaneous or nonspontaneous at constant temperature and pressure thermodynamics provides a for. To each atom in the electrolysis of molten NaCl with a constant of. Essential for a functioning cell ΔG∘ at 25 ∘C for each of the three laws of provides! Rather than the sign of ΔSsurr for an endothermic reaction of sodium by the electrolysis of an solution. Change in the electrolysis of NaBr ( aq ) +2I− ( aq ) data Appendix. At 25 ∘C for each of the entropy change in the system after the stopcock separating two! Rather than the sign of the three laws of thermodynamics provides a criterion spontaneity! Change in the electrolysis of molten NaCl with a constant current of 3.10×104 a a reducing whereas... The beakers in which no reaction will occur and those in which a reaction...: aqueous NaBr, molten NaBr, molten NaBr, aqueous NaF, and molten NaF an solution! Temperature rises ΔG°F for the reaction below state must be considered the spontaneity of a reaction...

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